Many Americans, including free and formerly enslaved people, worked tirelessly to support the abolitionist movement. Some of the most famous abolitionists included:. As it gained momentum, the abolitionist movement caused increasing friction between states in the North and the slave-owning South. Critics of abolition argued that it contradicted the U. Constitution , which left the option of slavery up to individual states.
Postal Service from delivering any publications that supported the movement. In , a white student at Lane Theological Seminary named Amos Dresser was publicly whipped in Nashville, Tennessee, for possessing abolitionist literature while traveling through the city.
In , a pro-slavery mob attacked a warehouse in Alton , Illinois, in an attempt to destroy abolitionist press materials. During the raid, they shot and killed newspaper editor and abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy. After the Kansas-Nebraska Act of was passed, both pro- and anti-slavery groups inhabited the Kansas Territory. In , a pro-slavery group attacked the town of Lawrence, which was founded by abolitionists from Massachusetts.
In retaliation, abolitionist John Brown organized a raid that killed five pro-slavery settlers. Then, in , Brown led 21 men to capture the U. He and his followers were seized by a group of Marines and convicted of treason. Brown was hanged for the crime. President Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery but was cautious about fully supporting the more radical ideas of the abolitionists.
As the power struggle between the North and the South reached its peak, the Civil War broke out in As the bloody war waged on, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation of , calling for the freeing of enslaved people in areas of the rebellion.
And in , the Constitution was ratified to include the Thirteenth Amendment , which officially abolished all forms of slavery in the United States. Meanwhile, the Fourteenth Amendment , ratified in , granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including former enslaved people.
Abolition and the Abolitionists. Douglass himself was never sure of his exact birth date. His mother was of Native American ancestry and his father was of African and European descent. After he was separated from his mother as an infant, Douglass lived for a time with his maternal grandmother, Betty Bailey. However, at the age of six, he was moved away from her to live and work on the Wye House plantation in Maryland. From there, he taught himself to read and write. By the time he was hired out to work under William Freeland, he was teaching other enslaved people to read using the Bible.
As word spread of his efforts to educate fellow enslaved people, Thomas Auld took him back and transferred him to Edward Covey, a farmer who was known for his brutal treatment of the enslaved people in his charge. Roughly 16 at this time, Douglass was regularly whipped by Covey. From there he traveled through Delaware , another slave state, before arriving in New York and the safe house of abolitionist David Ruggles. She joined him, and the two were married in September They would have five children together.
In New Bedford, Douglass began attending meetings of the abolitionist movement. During these meetings, he was exposed to the writings of abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison.
The two men eventually met when both were asked to speak at an abolitionist meeting, during which Douglass shared his story of slavery and escape. It was Garrison who encouraged Douglass to become a speaker and leader in the abolitionist movement. Douglass was physically assaulted several times during the tour by those opposed to the abolitionist movement. The injuries never fully healed, and he never regained full use of his hand. Two years later, Douglass published the first and most famous of his autobiographies, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.
The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. From the early s until the end of the Civil War in , Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious.
It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. Its pages featured firsthand accounts of the horrors of slavery in the South and exposed, for many, the inhumane treatment of enslaved people on U.
Garrison was a close ally of Frederick Douglass , who escaped his enslavement and whose autobiography became a bestseller. Abolitionists were a divided group. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse.
On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escaped enslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. She was active in the Underground Railroad , the clandestine network of safe houses and abolitionists that helped escapees reach freedom in the North. In the late s, she assisted Brown in his planning for the disastrous raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. In the presidential election, voters chose Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln. The senator from Illinois opposed slavery but was cautious about supporting the abolitionists. Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration , the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.
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